Dabur PESTEL Analysis

Dabur PESTEL AnalysisINTRODUCTIONThe Dabur company was established in 1884, a young doctor armed with a degree in medicine and a burning desire to serve mankind. This young man, Dr. S.K. Burman, laid the foundations of what is today known as Dabur India Limited.The brand name Dabur is derived from the manner of speaking Da for Daktar or Doctor and bur from Burman. From those humble beginnings, the company has grown into Indias leading manufacturer of consumer healthc atomic number 18, personal cargon and food products. Over its 125 historic period of existence, the Dabur brand has stood for goodness through a natural lifestyle. An umbrella name for a variety of products, ranging from hair care to honey, Dabur has consistently ranked among Indias top brands. Its brands are built on the foundation of trust that a Dabur offering will never cause anyone slightest of harm. The trust levels that this brand enjoys are phenomenally high.Dabur India Limited has pronounced its presence with signifi stoolt achievements and today commands a market attractership status. There story of success is based on dedication to nature, corpo browse and process hygiene, self-propelling leadership and commitment to their partners and stakeholders. The results of their policies and initiatives speak for them. The company has kept an eye on new generations of customers with a range of products that cater to a modern lifestyle, while managing non to alienate earlier generations of loyal customers.Dabur India Limited is the fourth largest FMCG Company in India and Dabur had a turnoer ofapproximately US$ 750 Million (Rs. 3390.9 Crore FY 09-10) Market Capitalisation of over US$ 3.5 Billion (Rs 15500 Crore).Dabur Amla, Dabur Chyawanprash, Vatika, Hajmola and Real are the brands of Dabur.Dabur is an investor friendly brand as its financial performance shows. The companys exploitation rate rose from 10% to 40%. The expected growth rate for two years was two-fold. There is an abundance of information for its investors and prospective information including a daily update on the share price (something that actually few Indian brands do). Theres a great mavin of responsibility for investors funds on view. This is a direct extension of Daburs philosophy of taking care of its constituents and it adds to the sense of trust for the brand overall.The company, through Dabur Pharma Ltd. does toxicology tests and markets ayurvedic medicines in a scientific manner. They have researched new medicines which will find use in O.T. all over the country therein opening a new market. Dabur Foods, a subsidiary of Dabur India is expecting to grow at 25%. Its brands of juices, namely, Real and Active, together make it the market leader in the Fruit Juice Category.PESTEL ANALYSIS ON DABUR INDUSTRY(P)OLITICAL FACTORSGovernment intervences Government support the industry to expand to export its products to grow.Trading policies Trading policies are also favourable for dabur company so it can export its products it also help him to expand to grow.(E)CONOMIC FACTORSConsumer focus they are continuously focussing on analysing the consumer inescapably develop products to fulfill there needs. This is the main reason for the growth of Dabur company.Living standard Rise in the living standard of people have change magnitude their production level, produce high quality variety of products.National income National income is all important(p) factor as if affect the growth of the organisation. If per capita income is more the amount expire will be more if it will be rase the amount spent will be less.Inflation rate Inflation means the upgrade in the value of all the product in the economy, if inflation rate is higher the cost of products will be higher if inflation rate is lower the cost of product will be lower. This directly affect the growth of the organization.(S)OCIO-CULTURAL FACTORSDemographics Demographics is the study of human population in the econ omy. It helps the organzation to divide the markets in different segments to localize a large of customers. For Example- according to race, age, gender, family, religion, sex.Distribution of income This shows that how income is distributed in the ecconomy. It directly affect the purchasing power of the buyers. And ultimately leads to increase or decrease in the function level of the products.Consumerism This indicates that a large number of options are available while purchasing of goods to consumers, so the choice becomes easy quality products can be exact by consumers. So while purchasing a consumer have different choices to select product according to his needs.Education levels Education is one of the most important factor which influence the buying power of consumer, while selecting a particular good a consumer should know all its features so it can differentiate them with some other products.Law affect social behaviour Different laws are made by the government to safe guard the rights of consumers. For example- Consumer apology act, this law indicates that a consumer can file a case against a seller if he finds that he is cheated.(T)ECHNOLOGICAL FACTORSDiscoveries innovation Continuous innovation in products processes is the basis of there services. They provide consumers with advanced(a) products within easy reach Build a platform to enable Dabur to become a global ayurvedic leader.Advancement in technology Focus on growing there core brands across categories, reaching out to new geographies, within and outside India, and improve operational efficiencies by leveraging technology.Automation agitate in technology will leads to automation, this means that with new technology labour required is less as machines are automatic. All the works are through automatically by the machines as earlier it is labour oriented. Now all the work is machine oriented.Obselete rate Day-by-day new inventions are made so the rate of obselete is higher, as in Computer LAPTOPS have replaced the PC. This shows that the technology becomes obselete very fast.Research development This department plays a vital role in the development of the organization. As this department always do research that what are the demand of the markets how to make advancements so the organization can survive in the competitive world.(E)NVIRONMENTAL FACTORSEnvironment regulations The preferred company to meet the health and personal grooming needs of there target consumers with safe, efficacious, natural solutions by synthesizing the deep knowledge of ayurveda and herbs with modern science.Environmental guard Responsible company to protect Ecological system use Eco-friendly products.(L)EGAL FACTORSCompanies law The company fulfill all the Company law requirement so as to grow develop to sustain in the compitative market.Employment law Employment law provides equal opportunities to every citizen to work earn his livelihood. It provides equal opportunitie s to every citizen.Consumer protection This law helps to protect the rights of consumers he can file a case against seller if he find that he is cheated.Industry-specific regulations These laws are related to industry for example- no industry can establish in between cities i.e. it should be outside the cities.

Mergers and Acquisitions in the Aviation Industry

Mergers and Acquisitions in the Aviation IndustryBackgroundAviation persistence is a symbol of comprehensive national force-out and an extremely important part of the national defense. It is also a significant guarantee for national security and an essential support for the development of economic and society. In the entire zephyr industry, civil line is made up of all types of air travel activities using aircraft except military applications, which includes defense, police and customs, and the civil aviation includes technical aviation and general aviation. In recent years, the rapid development of civil aviation plays an increasingly important role in the aviation industry.In impairment of globalization, the aviation industry is mainly concentrated in the unify States, Europe, Canada, Australia and some other developed regions. Along with the rapid development of the global economy, the enthusiasm for growing aviation industry of many rude(a) industrialized countries has also been greatly inspired. A number of high-end manufacturing, including the aviation industry, are shifting from developed countries to developing countries, to get word the global market demand, many developed countries and developing countries began the cooperation. The economic turmoil and financial crisis of the current world has caused a great shock on aviation industry, although the condition is getting improved, it is still very difficult to predict what the future will be. As one of the leaders of the aviation industry all over the world, the market of aviation industry in the United States has been greatly affected in recent years. The fallen price of tickets, rising price of oil, as easily as anti-monopoly policy, all have negative impacts on the civil aviation industry in America.Merger integration is trend of the development of international aviation industry in recent years. There are many examples In Europe, Air France and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines were structured in 2003 Lufthansa purchased Swiss Air in 2005, and later purchased the Austrian Airlines British Airways and Iberia Airlines merged in 2010 . After a series of mergers and reorganizations, the market is full of vitality and militant power. In the United States in recent years, the operation of civil aviation industry has become much more difficult and many airline companies are seeking to break by dint of this condition by mergers and acquisitions. In 2005, US Airways merged America West Airlines Delta Air Lines purchased Northwest Airlines in 2008 two years later, the United Airlines and Continental Airlines were merged and turned into the United Continental Holdings incorporated in 2011, Southwest Airlines purchased the AirTran and after two years, American Airlines merged US Airways. After the mergers and reorganizations, these companies operating performance begins to approach out of recession, but whether the specific results really are optimistic? This dissertation will mak e analysis and judgment.Congress reduced the control of the market in 1978, which brought the US economy market unparalleled interests. America has a mature aviation industry market, which has become an important factor of the growth of economy now. crimson if there is a little change in the industry, it can bring a big influence on various aspects. In this tough competitive environment at home and abroad, the civil aviation industry attracts much more attention.Concentration TendencyIn recent years, the aviation industry in the United States had generated a lot of new companies and there have been a lot of bankruptcy and merger phenomena, which is bound to affect the competition tendency of the aviation industry. In this dissertation, the methods used to calculate the concentration of aviation industry are Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and Concentration Ratio (CRn).The calculation method of industry concentration indicant is the most common, and it is also an important indicat or of measuring the market structure. It indicates the peak of concentration of the industry by calculating the proportion of the relevant value (such as sales, value added, number of employees, total assets, etc.) of the first largest n companies in the industry toward those of the entire industry. For example, CR4 refers to the relevant market share occupied by the four largest initiatives and CR8 way the relevant market share occupied by the eight largest enterprises.If the CRn is greater, it indicating a higher degree of concentration of the industry and the more likely for competition in the market tend to be monopolistic on the contrary, the lower the concentration is, the more likely for competition in the market tend to be competitive.(MBAlib, 2012)The prescript is CRn=. In this formula, Si means the market share of the enterprise i, n means the total number of firms (for instance, the number is 4 or 8.) in the industry.However, the outrage of CRn is that this concentra tion ratio cannot indicate the total number of enterprises which are operating and competitive in this industry. For example, the market share of 2 CR4 with the same value of 75% in two different industries might not be the same, because there may be only a few companies in one industry and the other industry may have many companies. Therefore, in the dissertation, HHI will be used to measure the market concentration to improve the credibility of the data.HHI calculates the entirety of the squares of market share of the largest 50 companies in this industry (if the number of companies is less than 50, it includes all enterprises). Obviously, the greater HHI is, the higher the degree of market concentration and the higher the degree of monopoly. The index can not only reflect the market share of large enterprises, but also can reflect the market structure too large enterprises. Therefore, HHI is able to reflect the impact of large enterprises on the market more accurately.The formu la is HHI=2. In this formula, Si means the market share of the enterprise i, n means the total number of firms in the industry. HHI changes between 1/n and 1, which indicates that the higher value is, the greater unevenness statistical distribution of the size of a firm. As long as firms merge, the value of HHI will increase as long as the firms decompose, the value of HHI will be reduced.The advantage of HHI are it reflects large-scale companies market share more sensitively, while reflects many small businesses market share very little, and it cannot be affected by the number of companies and the size distribution of the industry, which is better to measure the changes in the market concentration of the industry.(MBAlib, 2010)This table illustrates the set of CR4, CR8 and HHI in ten years. According to the concentration ratio CR4 and CR8, it can be patently found that the aviation industry was behaving as an oligopoly and was a highly concentrated industry, while in terms of HHI , the market concentration was moderate. All of the 3 values were keeping decreasing from 2001 to 2006 and appeared to hit bottom in 2007, in which year the economy crisis took place. After that, the tendency of market concentration was improved and reached a new height in 2013. (Ahren J. 2011)In summary, the level of market concentration of aviation industry was decreasing first and then keeping increasing in the United States. Accordingly, the competition tendency also turned from competitive to monopolistic, which indicates the number of companies was reduced and the market shares of large firms have increased.ReferencesMBAlib (2010) Concentration RatioCRnonlineNew York. Available from http//wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%8A%AC%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E2%80%94%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%8C%E6%9B%BC%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0 Accessed 29 January 2015Ahren Johnston (2011) CONCENTRATION IN THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY tell OF ECONOMIES OF SCALE?onlineNew York, Journal of Transportation Management. Available from http//www.deltanualpha.org/pdfarticles/2011/Ahren%20Johnston.pdf Accessed 29 January 2015MBAlib (2012) Herfindahl-Hirschman Index onlineNew York. Available from http//wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E7%8E%87 Accessed 29 January 2015

Impact Of Workplace Stress On Organizational Performance Psychology Essay

Impact Of Workplace Stress On Organizational Per degreeance Psychology EssayStress in the workplace is a new phenomenon in modern life and has become an increasingly one of the approximately discussed topic over the past decade. Workplace examine can be defined as the change in ones physical or mental state in response to workplaces that pose an appraised dispute or threat to that employee (Thomas W. Colligan, 2005). It is already established that the judge in the workplace represents threat non only for physical health of one worker, but also for the health of all labour collective. As a pull up s gains, it does not only affect the employees performance, reduces their work efficiency but also whitethorn come huge come to to an organisations performance and can lower an organisations utility (Ton, Huckman, 2008).Statistical figures indicate prove is a bigger problem than people give it credit (Ornelas and Kleiner, 2003). According to survey which was conducted by Health and Safety executive in 2006, one in six working people in the UK believed that their tune was very or extremely accentuateful (Bupas health schooling team, 2010). on that point ar many factors that can cause stress in the working place. Most known factors are work overload job insecurity capacious working hours insufficient training poor work organisation and etc. Workplace stress has been proved to lower productivity, increase absenteeism, and create pervasive patterns of dysfunction in the workplace (Anderson Puluch, 2001 Levin-Epstein, 2002).Finally, in modern day most of the organisations understand very well that one of the main reason of unwanted expenses of the organisation are the costs caused by stress according to the Health Safety Executive (HSE) in the UK, work-related stress, depression or anxiety accounted for an estimated 13.5 million lost working years in Britain in 2007/08. This makes stress an extremely expensive loss for businesses the HSE estimates that British industry loses 370 million a year due to stress (UK HSE stress statistics). Although, most organisations spend a lot of time, money and efforts to prevent or control the stress, unfortunately in most cases these efforts are not effective. Therefore organisations need to nonplus new ways to deal with increasing stress in working place.Scope of recordThis paper aims to explain an aspect of organizational performance that has not been extensively examined the impact of stress on organizational performance. The paper attempts to make an emphasis on how impact of stress in organizations can be comprehend and understood, and it also argues that the stress is an important element in the theory and practice of organizational performance.Research volition be carried out using both alternate data and primitive data in the forms of interviews and questionnaires with organisations.Specific Research QuestionsDo the organisations really take the impact of stress seriously and how t hey intend to deal with it? openingH 1 In spite of rising expenses, organisations leave subdued ignore impact of stress as useless knowledge.H 2 Having agnise the impact of stress organisations will develop new mechanism in minimising and controlling stress.ObjectivesO 1 To identify main factors behind workplace stressO 2 To evaluate the costs which are caused by stress at a workplace and how they impact on the organizational performance?O 3 To establish workable stress management techniques for managing the workplace stress.Literature reviewThis chapter will critically analyse the stress development process and its impact to organisational performance. The literature review is structured into two sections. The first section the theory of organizational stress examines the theory of stress development and the main factors of the organizational stress. The certify part reviews the impact of stress to an organisational performance and suggests ways how to manage it.Theory of orga nizational stressAccording to Cote S. Morgan LM (2002), stress is basically a form of unpleasant emotion and has got the potential to increase employee turnover. But other authors such as Hart and Cooper (2001) point out that the scientific community still has not reached an agreed position on the meaning and definition of occupational stress.In the past three decades, a lot of studies have been carried out in fellowship to explore the main factors of organisational stress and to find out link between employee job stress and organizational performance. The studies have been conducted in a assorted organisations. The early studies indicate deadline pressures, job dissatisfaction, job insecurity and repetitive work (Kasl, 1973) as the main factors of organisational stress. More recent studies have explored some others factors such as inadequate feedback regarding performance, lack of training and lack of control (Doby Caplan, 1995).The lack of opportunity of interaction with other workers or in other words isolation is other important factor in increasing workplace stress (Wachtel, 1989). The feeling of isolation does not only involve machinery or assembly line jobs, it may also take place in boring or repetitive jobs such as computer data entry which tend to increase employee stress levels (Karasek Theorell, 1990).Impact of stress to an organisational performance and how to manage itStress at workplaces is on rise which in its own turn results higher rate of sickness (absenteeism) among employees, reduced productivity and overall, having negative impact on the efficiency of organisational performance. Managing stress and its attendant health and productivity consequences may be one of the biggest challenges facing organizations in the mid-nineties (Murphy, 1995).In the article, Management Principles and Practices indite by Holt D. H. (1990), the author suggests that in vagabond to manage job stress effectively, two conditions should be met. First, the i ndividual worker essential be able to recognize causes of stress and realize their consequences and second, organizations must develop stress prevention and stress reduction techniques.The book Managing workplace stress written by Susan Cartwright, Cary L. Cooper (1997) can be considered one of the best book in the field of organisational stress. The book on the one hand provides detailed information about the source of stress at a workplace, examines the cause of the rise in work-related stress on the other hand, it proves clearly the important role of organisational gloss in stress managing process.According to Nelson Quick (1996) excess stress has direct impact in lowered individual and organizational performance, as a result both production and quality suffering. In other words, stress is a main factor that causes organizational inefficiency, absenteeism because of sickness, increased costs of health care and lessen job satisfaction (AbuAlRub, 2004).Meantime, both field and laboratory studies are always carried out to find out the best ways to reduce work-related stress. Some findings have been proved very effective. One of them is involvement of employee in decision making process that significantly lowers job-related stress (Landy, Quick and Kasl, 1994). Another finding is the measures developed by authors like Khanka (2000) and Cole (2002) which can be adopted to reduce workplace stress. The measures require the organisations to set up clear objectives that will assist to minimize job and role ambiguity to maximize employees job fit through careful screening and selection.Specific questions to focus on in the studyThis study seeks to manage the following research questionsObjective 1Identify what stress is and main factors behind stress at a workplace?Is there a alliance between impact of stress and organisational performance?What is role of stress in organisational productivity?What are the roles of the modern technologies in rising workplace str ess?Does stress have always negative impact or can it have positive impact to organisational performance as well?Objective 2why is it important to manage causes of work-related stress?Apart from financial cost, what affects have stress on organisational performance?What is best strategies and techniques for preventing job stressWhat is role of organisational culture/ mode in reducing stress?MethodologyThe section will assess all available research methods and choose most suitable methods in order to accomplish the proposed tasks. Main aim of the section is to find out how seriously is taken the impact of stress by organisations.5.1 Approaches to researchFor all objective of this study the author will be using a scientific approach. The author intends to use statistical data throughout the research to support the analysis.5.2 Research formMultiple method of data collection will be used for this study. The reason for this is that using mixing modes will maximise responses as the auth or plans to take interview from some respondents face-to-face, from others by mail. In addition, a structured questionnaire will be used to collect data from the respondents on the variables of the study.5.3 SamplingSampling is a fundamental method of inferring information about an entire people without going into any trouble or expense of measuring every member of the population (White, Wilson Pfoutz, 2006). As this study will be carrying out survey, random sampling technique will be used in the sample selection. Sampling will be conducted in both interview and questionnaire forms.5.4 Data collectionThough, the study includes both primary and secondary data, the author will mainly use primary data for this study. Face-to-face interviews will be carried out with representatives of a number of organisations. Because of time and physical constraints, questionnaires will be sent via e-mail. Secondary data will be gathered from different online libraries and databases.5.5 Evaluation o f primary research methods for this specific studySurveys and questionnaire will be used in the study in order to gather primary data. Main purpose of surveys are to assess the distribution of some variables such as proportion of the population of different age groups, sex, religion, castes and languages, knowledge, pose and adaption of practices about particular issues, and other information of similar nature about the population (Commonwealth of Learning, 2000).5.6 Possible Conclusion to research objectiveFrom this study, it can be cerebrate that stress can have both negative and positive impact on organisational performance. Organisations can encourage productive stress by assisting employees to build challenge into their work, can organise stress-reduction workshops and also can change element of stress by redesigning jobs to reduce role conflict and role ambiguity.

The Hutu Tribe :: essays research papers

The Hutu TribeThe culture of the Hutu and Tutsi tribes of Rwanda, Africa interests mefor many reasons. cardinal reason is that they are so diverse from our American wayof life. Another reason is that I have heard a little bit about them in thenews and by talking to lot. This sparked my interest and made me want tolearn more about them. I will over-correct a wide variety of information in my report.This will include the land where they live, their way of life, their history andancestry, and what the government is like in Rwanda. I dont expect the readerto become an expert on the Hutus and the Tutsis, hardly I do hope that the readergets a general understanding about what is going on in their section of Africa.I have intimate lots of new information from doing this report, not only aboutthe Hutus and the Tutsis culture, but about the whole continent of Africa.The first topic that I will cover is about the people that make up thetribes of the Hutu and Tutsi. The total population of the country of Rwanda,where most of their events have taken place is 7,800,000. The population of theHutus is 3,000,000 and the Tutsis number only 1,000,000. The sensible traits ofthe Hutus and Tutsis are very different from each other. The Hutu have largernoses and larger all around facial features than the Tutsis. Most Tutsis areseldom less than sextuplet feet tall, while the Hutu are very short people. TheTutsis are related to the Masai and the people along the Nile, while the Hutushave a Buntu history. As you can see the people that make up the tribes of theHutus and the Tutsis are a very diverse group of people.The way of life for the Hutu and the Tutsis is considerably different.Traditionally, the Tutsi were the wealthy, upper class and the Hutu were littlemore than slaves. forthwith the power is a little more equally divided, but is stillmore in favor of the Tutsis. The Hutu are mainly peasant farmers, while theTutsis are mainly animal stock breeders. One thing that the Hutu and the Tutsihave in common is that they are both a Buntu language speaking group. The basisof the natives trust is a belief that there is a supreme principle of goodknown as Imana. Followers of this religion use magical amulets in their rituals.One half of the people in Rwanda are Christian, and most of the Christians are

The Theme of Girl Power in Joy Luck Club and Taste of Honey :: Joy Luck Club Taste of Honey Amy Tan Essays

The Theme of Girl Power in Joy Luck beau monde and Taste of making loveJoy Luck Club and Taste of HoneyWomens rights is an issue of serious interest in much of todaysliterature. As more women take the pen in hand more and more femalecharacters take center stage in the stories they write. The newestterm for this focus on the powerful heroine is called Girl Power andthis strength of persona shtup be seen in two pieces of literature inparticular. The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan, and A Taste of Honey, byShelagh Delaney.In the Joy Luck Club Amy Tan write about the lives of four set aboutsfrom China who pass their lives wisdom d confess to their daughters whoare growing up on the outside shores of California, USA. Each ofthese women have a story to tell about growing up in the patriarchalsociety of china, how they overcame the stifling environment they grewup in and how they survived and escaped to the new world as itwere. The story of An Mei, Waverly Jongs mother, is an excellent exam ple ofhow women can take control of the situations that are forced upon themand make their lives better. In the novel An Mei is s one-time(a) into amarriage at the age of four. At fifteen, on her wedding day shediscovers she has been get hitched with to 13 year old boy, who no more wantsto be a husband than he does a father. An Mei is forced to sleep onthe floor and treated to the derisive comments and punishments of hermother in law when she fails to produce a child. However, overhearing a house servant who found herself pregnant, she devises a planto escape her ill-fated emotional state and out-trick her lying child-groom. Sheuses the superstitions of the traditional Chinese and her clever witto win a ticket out of the loveless marriage and back to Shanghaiwith her family. This tale, re-told by An Mei, shows how woman, pull downin dire situations, can take charge of their lives and make the mostof what they have.Rose Hsu Jordan is another one of Tans Characters that really take scharge of her living just when it seems she would be swallowed whole bya mans world. In this present day tale, a young woman find herselfmarried to man whose opinions she has grown to value above her own. She has forgotten how to value herself and fallen prey to the pitfallof pleasing her husband before taking care of her own needs.

Muslims Essay -- Muslim Islam Religion Essays

MoslemsI first became interested in learning about Muslims when I met a young man in a Speech differentiate of mine. He was dark skinned, dark haired, and extremely handsome, so I decided to get acquainted with him. I asked him his abduce and he asked me if I wanted his unfeigned name or his made up name. I was a little confused and I asked him what he meant by that. He told me he was a Muslim and his real Muslim name is Sadat and his made up name is Danny. I was quite intrigued by, but a little confused by all of this, so I thought I would look further into the subject. Luckily, I was asked to write a paper on a subject of my choice so hopefully I can teach you some of what I learned about Muslims.The Muslims are people who practice the religion of Islam. They were taught their beliefs by a man named Muhammad in the A.D. 600s. Muslim is an Arabic word that means one who submits (to God). There are about one billion Muslims throughout the world today. They form the majority of th e universe in the Middle East, North Africa and the southeast Asian nations such as Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Pakistan. There are three to six million Muslims in the United States. A Muslims chief duties are prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage. Muslimspray five times a daily at dawn, at noon, in the afternoon, in the evening, and at nightfall. According to The Economist July 1996, a crier, or muezzin announces prayer time from the minaret, a large tower. On Friday, which for the Muslims resembles the Jewish Sabbath or Christian Sunday, Muslims are expected to attend noon prayers at this tower. There, a Muslim washes his face, hands, and feet, in a type of ceremony, immediately before prayer. The lead... ... been to achieve stable governments and to feed their people. Some Muslim nations such as Bangladesh, Egypt, and Pakistan, chip in too many people living on too little land. Other countries lack the moisture and fertile soil needed to produce food. impertinen t interests keep the Muslim people from being united. But they are bound by cultural ties and a determination to resist colonialism. As you can date stamp the Muslims and their beliefs are quite different than other groups such as the Christian beliefs and the Jewish beliefs. It just goes to show what a diverseworld we live in. I am glad I have had the opportunity to explore the special ceremonies, rituals, and beliefs of the Muslims. Now the next time I approach someone to ask them their name and they answer in the same way my friend Danny did, I will be able to understand better his or her way of life.

Essay --

The cations (Na+, K+ and Mg++) were estimated in the gut themes, fresh tissue of midgut epithelia and heamolymph of uninfected and Bacillus inoculated silkworm. The sodium level was declined from gut contents to heamolymph. The level of sodium content further showed a gradual decrease from the midgut tissue to the heamolymph in the infected silkworm as compared to the uninfected silkworm. The potassium content ab initio decreased from the gut contents to the midgut tissues in both the uninfected and infected silkworm (Table-1, Fig. 2). Later on, a slow gradient in the potassium content was observed from the midgut tissue towards the heamolymph in the infected larvae. But incase of the uninfected larvae the potassium content gradually declined from the midgut tissue to the heamolymph. In the present study the levels in sodium content was high and potassium concentration was low in tissue than reported earlier. The adult larvae of silkworm, showed a steep gradient for magnesium amid lumen and heamolymph, with higher concentration in the heamolymph (Table-1, Fig. 3). Table - 1. Ionic concentration in lumen content, fresh tissue and heamolymph of silkworm Bombyx mori V instar (meq/L). The noggin concentrations were changed in the Bacillus infected larvae. Flacherie resulted in the non-significant decrease of intracellular sodium in midgut cells. Potassium being the major cation in the silkworm diet showed a significant decrease in midgut cells in diseased larvae (p ...f silkworm Bombyx mori Electron micrographs illustrate the midgut of silkworm B. mori. The globlet cell (Plate - 1) wherein the multiplication of pathogen occurs and these cells are slightly prolonged with a centrally located cavity. Their ill defined microvillae project into this cavity and these cells are placed in between columnar cells. Dominant cell in midgut epithelium is the columnar cell. The apical surface of the columnar cell is thrown into numerous folds and often appears as finger li ke projections (microvillae). A cross voice of the microvillae, are presented (Plate - 2). The microvillae are located with mitochondria (Plate - 3), vacuoles at the base of microvillae are prominent. Excess of plasma membrane folds at the tip of the microvillae were observed in all the sections scanned. The midgut epithelium is richly supplied with trachea (Plate - 4).