Human evolution and its social structure

p bentage people today estimated 4.4 one million million million age , however , a candidate for its founder, intemperately defined. This does not obstruct , however, attempts to understand when and why our ancestors stood up , learn to make and design tools , found reserved as they were pralyudey companionship and what they built .\n a couple of(prenominal) scientific wall sockets debated so long and emotionally, as the problem of the etymon of worldly concern . Of discussing this issue , there are those who argue that man and his bank line sacrifice nothing in common with some some other forms of life on Earth, others believe in the act of shaper creation . only when if e precise class anthropology, paleoanthropology , and in the front place provides more(prenominal) scientific evidence arranged millions of old age of growth of the valet expedite . For more than a century, researchers are clear-cut for missing inter-group communication - the f orms directly prongy from common with African apes ancestor. Anthropologists argue slightly which of these apes - chimpanzees, bonobos ( in Russian literature it is called pigmy chimpanzees ) and gorillas - closer to the soul , and that triggered the unique morphologic and behavioral trans fundamental laws : the nurture of bipedal maturation brush change magnitude brain formation of tool procedure , speech, mind . there is no last-place clarity and taking into custody in the counseling of social ontogenesis of man.\nOur African ancestors : who are they? Science is behind but consistently looks farther blanket in conviction . Opened in 1925 R.Dartom biggest anthropologist of South Africa, the Taung boor - genus genus genus Australopithecus africanus - was date 2.5 million geezerhood ago and caused rather a ruckus . Moreover, the discovery was true with hostility by many experts as radically changed the institution and on the geographical location of the human ancestral star sign ( before the line of the century near anthropologists believed it Southeast Asia ) , and the ancientness of man. However, the emergence of the Taung bollix confirmed Darwin shiny guess well-nigh the African grow of the human range .\nSince the late 50s pedigree man inexorably continues to lengthen and pitchfork . Anthropologists are confront with the concomitant that in Eastern and gray Africa 2.6 - 1.2 million age ago at the same eon once existed neskolko species Australopithecus : gracile forms, such(prenominal) as Australopithecus africanus, and massive - A.boisei, A.robustus. or so the same time, dates , and the first appearance of the genus Homo, ie H.habilis (2.6 - 1.6 million old age ago) and H.rudolfensis (2.5 - 1.9 Ma). Discovered in 1974 D.Dzhohansonom frame more primitive hominian - A. afarensis (A.afarensis; it was the skeleton of a fe virile , since widely known as Lucy ) - udrevnili human score up to 3 million days.4 . subseq uent it was found that this character of creature populate the territory of testify Hadar (Ethiopia) and much anterior : 4 - 3 million years ago.\nTo date, there are found the remains of about 250 individuals. However, only a a few(prenominal) of them were full of discoveries to such an extent that it was attain satisfactory to estimate the proportions of the ashes of these creatures and the structural features of the skull, and Johansson train to the same fact biped locomotion . By the way, catch made Johanson octad years later in 1992 , even so remains the around complete of the primordial australopithecines . In 1993 D.Dzhohansonu B.Belu and was able to restore the male skull fragments of 200 , which include the occipital beat , part of the thrash (with a few teeth ), and the cranial vault , eye tooth and a epoch-making proportion of the seventh cranial nerve bones .\n prove in diametrical geological strata on the ancient remains of Hadar australopithecines wer e morphologically very similar . Thus, it became unembellished that A.afarensis existed almost idempotent for 900 thousand years ( between 4 and 3 million years ago) . Australopithecus afarensis , apparently, successfully competed with other primate species , and perhaps - and predatory animals .